Knowledge Development In Nursing

Knowledge development in nursing has been somewhat of a hot topic in the more scholastic endeavors of the profession for quite some time. As the profession grew from a focus centered on treating physical symptoms and conditions to a more well-rounded approach that considered psychological, social, and spiritual needs in addition to physical illness, the need to break down the process of knowledge development arose.By utilizing nursing theories, which support the use of evidenced based practice in most cases, it seems as though the profession of nursing gained more credibility in the scientific community as far as the value of the knowledge produced; I feel that utilizing processes akin to those already accepted as prudent by more ‘established’ scientific fields helped achieve that credibility.In order to get to nursing theories, however, the process had to begin with a philosophical component that can allow for a separation from concrete/ scientific knowledge, among othe r things, in order to promote more abstract concepts and different methods to look at how we come to that knowledge. McCurry (2009) touches on this premise as she describes how a common theme, in this case the common good of society, can be looked at from many different perspectives, as it creates an arena in which those perspectives can be arranged to determine how to go about investigating the perspectives further.Although it wasn’t the center piece of the article, one highlight was a breakdown of how more abstract thoughts can be linked to the application of intentional actions through the use of theories, which stems from philosophical questions. Philosophy lays the ground work for knowledge production to be built upon. In a way, Kim (1999) echoed these sentiments as she discusses critical reflective inquiry and its applications in relation to pain management in a South Korean hospital setting.She admits that nursing has situations in which our therapeutic actions can be supported by one theory and conflicted by another. What it seemed to re-enforce was how our drive to answer the philosophical questions created by the issues we wish to address can use various forms to achieve that common goal, however, those that are centered around the evaluation of how our therapeutic actions actually pan out versus how we think they pan out will help us gain the most useful knowledge as long as we are able to recognize the need for, and benefit of, changes that help our patients out the most.We wouldn’t be able to gain the ‘knowledge’ that specific actions and changes are therapeutically beneficial without understanding why we wanted to make changes in the first place, and generating multiple attempts at making those changes to see which ones actually accomplished the goal would seemingly allow us to have the best chance at achieving what we set out to.Evaluating the nursing interventions we utilize to affect our patients for the better is im portant, we all know that. Abbott (1988) pointed out that although nursing is capable of evaluating our interventions in practice, we do not tend to emphasize the importance of breaking down specific practical interventions in an abstract way that allows for our ability to link the interventions we utilize to the thought processes behind it while we are out practicing our craft.This I can personally relate to, when considering how the first couple years of my personal practice was spent learning how to simply accomplish the tasks I was presented with in the time frame I was to accomplish them in (assessment, documenting, intervening, documenting, evaluating, intervening, documenting, documenting, documenting†¦ugh). I knew that there was good reason behind the things I was doing; however, I was not keenly aware of the concepts and philosophies that comprised that reasoning, I was simply focused on completing my tasks in a timely, safe fashion.Reed (2006) promotes the idea that n urses tend not to have a full understanding of the ‘why’ we do the things we do, and went so far as to say that there might be a level of mysticism when it comes to the healing processes we are engaged in. That mysticism was essentially summed up by purporting that when we can’t put our finger on the ‘why’ we do what we do, we fall back on concepts like intuition and gut feelings. It’s not to say that we are incorrect in our intuitions, however, we don’t have a strong link to the rationale behind it all the time.This is where the concept of breaking down the ‘why’ we do what we do into more abstract, philosophical components can really benefit us, as we can extrapolate on the intuitions and gut feelings into philosophical questions and building blocks that theories can be generated from. When we utilize practice centered theories that arise from abstract, philosophical questions, the whole process of ‘nursing’ can be explained and evaluated with more ease, and the knowledge we generate could be seen as more credible.Just saying something is true because it is doesn’t have a whole lot of weight behind it; showing how the knowledge we reference as truth comes to be and having evidence that supports it with results that highlight it is, by and large, the best way that nursing knowledge can be produced in a fashion that holds credibility with those that aren’t of our discipline. We know how awesome we are, but it’s hard to prove it to others without a process that everyone can relate to; that all starts with philosophy.

Military nurses Essay

The nurses gave care to the men who were wounded during the war. They gave the care that was needed for example, medical care to dress up the wounds of the men. For those who became paralyzed, the nurses supported them physically and emotionally. They clothed and fed them. The families of those who made it and their loved ones spoke of the care they received from the nurses and glorified their assistance. They continued to acknowledge their presence and selfless efforts to assist them. (Song, p78) The military nurses conducted talks at high schools. They wanted to educate the students regarding the careers available and what it would take for them to be qualified. They gave their stories and the challenges that they faced during their work. When the students were asked which profession was toughest and most demanding, they said it was nursing. (Chen, p45) Given all the stories that they heard, they concluded that, if they had to be a nurse, then it was tantamount to a vocation which demanded that one leaves behind all other dreams just to serve as a nurse. It was even more challenging for the nurses because they did not have proper health facilities from which to operate. They set up tents and the tent was used to carry out even very delicate surgery operations. The medical facilities were described to be beyond primitive. (Insun, p456) Ironically, it was compared to TV Show and MASH movie. The environment was dirty and non sterile. They did not have adequate instruments. In addition, the hands at work were not enough. The emergency cases were so many yet the nurses were few and could therefore not deal with the workload by themselves. To make the matter worse, there were some equipment which had to be shared during surgical procedures which were absolutely required to save people’s lives, yet they had not been sterilized. For example, the nurses did not have suction. Also missing was penicillin for irrigating the wounds. There was no blood for transfusion yet the majority of cases which were received were of people who had lost too much blood and needed more. The casualties out in the field were just so many. Despite the terrible state of the tents functioning as hospitals, all the casualties were taken there. (Woodside, p67-p89) These nurses were the only hope and the lives of people and soldiers were only entrusted with them. It was hoped that, once they treated them, they would eventually be sent back to fight. These women nurses were not allowed to cry. (Insun p56) They were supposed to encourage and give hope to the dying. It was very wrong to cry in front of the wounded men and the dying ones. These men needed the strength of these women in that poor state of their health. The women were not supposed to gain luxury out of their own feelings. At the same time, the nurses were not supposed to lie to the soldiers regarding their health. If they were dying they were supposed to tell then straight in their faces. (Taylor, p34) This was such a torment to them. The nurses at times were not able to get along with their nursing director and therefore sought transfer. Unfortunately, they were transferred to the war-torn areas and much worse than the areas they were previously serving. In addition women were supposed to fly runs for evacuation and many of the nurses had not had a chance to be in a helicopter, but they could not give up this responsibility since there was no one else to do it. The women serving in the medical personnel were the most inexperienced too serve during the time of war. Besides that, they feared for their lives especially because the soldiers depended on them for medical care. (Yu, Insun, 278) The nurses also went to Vietnamese villages and set up medial centers and clinical which they used to treat those children who had eye infections, skin diseases and intestinal diseases. Most of the diseases came form the bacteria which was always present. (Woodside, p36) Conclusion The stories of Vietnamese women are one that can drive a reader to point of tears. The sufferings and torture that these women went through is a living proof of their sacrifices. These women put their lives on line to restore peace and harmony as well as save lives. Despite the various roles and professions that were engaged in they never gave up their roles in the family as mothers, caretakers, wives and advisers. Their contributions particularly during the time of war deserve praise and honor. They should be rewarded for their efforts. They did what many women are not believed they can do. (Chen, 236) The women did not show cowardice but actually displayed courage and perseverance. Vietnamese women are a symbol of strength that is possessed by the women and discourages women to take a back seat in all matters. From the experiences, it is obvious that without the support that they gave to the soldiers, they would not have accomplished much in their country. It is high time that Vietnamese women held their leads high and walked with pride and dignity they have. Works Cited Chen, King C. Vietnam and China, 1938-1954. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. Song, Jungnam. History of Vietnam. Bu-san: Bu-san University Press, 1966. Taylor, Keith W. The Birth of Vietnam. Redwood City: Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983. Taylor, Keith W. and Whitmore, John K. eds. Essays into Vietnamese Pasts. Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University, 1995. Woodside, Alexander B. Vietnam and Chinese Model. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1971.

Love, Love, Love- We are Surrounded by Love Essay

â€Å"Your life and my life flow into each other as wave flows into wave, and unless there is peace and joy and freedom for you, there can be no real peace or joy or freedom for me. To see reality- not as we expect it to be, but as it is- is to see that unless we live for each other and in and through each other, we do not really live very satisfactorily; that there can really be life only where there really is, in just this sense, love. â€Å"1 Most of our lives consist of socializing with others, beginning new relationships, and strengthening old ones. Love is all around us, embodied in three main categories: parental or family love, love between friends, and â€Å"chemical love,† between a male and female. Each of these is experienced in a different way; each of these is approached in a different way. However, all of them share one common quality- they are unplanned, unpredicted, and unexpected. This is what gives love its beauty. Because we do not expect it, we appreciat e it greatly, realizing how poor our lives have been (or would have been) without it. We simply learn to love love. The first kind of love we encounter is at a very early age, and that is toward our parents. This is a subconscious feeling; the child is too young to decide whether to love his or her parents or not. In the usual case, when the parents show love toward their child, the child feels it and returns the warm feeling which fills the parents’ hearts. This love can be shown in many ways. For example, usually the first word a child learns to pronounce is â€Å"mama,† or something along these lines. This shows the subconscious line of thought- the thought of his or her parents dominates the child’s mind. The child wants to be hugged and kissed; he or she rebels when taken away from his or her parents, and does not go to sleep without the security of the loved parent. This kind of love is innate and unpredicted, and seen in almost every individual. Another kind of love is the one we feel toward our friends. When we are young, these relationships are not very profound; they usually consist of getting together to play the favorite game of â€Å"duck, duck, goose,† or maybe â€Å"freeze tag .† When so young, a child’s feelings toward a friend are not as  strong as an adult’s feelings toward his or her friends. However, young children hug, hold hands, and feel the need to see each other very often, perhaps to play â€Å"hide and seek,† perhaps to tell the story of how the family dog chased its tail. As we grow, we begin to encounter more and more difficulties; Mom and Dad will not always solve the problem. This is when we look for other assistance, and this is where our friends come in. Our peers have probably encountered the same problem: a row with a parent, a broken heart, a low grade. From this stage on, we become more and more dependent on our friends, and the bond strengthens until the point (and perhaps farther) when the friends feel as though they are one: the pain felt by one is equally felt by the other. For example, when my friend, the person who has been next to me for ten years through everything, including the death of a parent, was left by her boyfriend for drugs, I felt incredible pain; she did not need to tell me how she felt- I already knew. Even now, when we are thousands of miles apart, a telepathy still exists. This kind of bond can be called love- when one is dependent on one’s friend, when the opinion of that person is what determines the actions taken. However, such love is felt only toward a limited number of people, for friends are like plants- there are many that are beauteous and colorful on the outside, but poisonous on the inside. There may be just a few unique ones, not necessarily the most beautiful ones, that complete us. â€Å"Love means to love that which is unlovable, or it is no virtue at all.† 2 This is the third kind of love,†chemical love.† When one feels this kind of love, one does not see the loved one’s flaws; one sees him or her as an angel that has come down from heaven: suddenly the large nose disappears, and is replaced by the big blue eyes. This kind of love occurs when, upon meeting a member of the opposite sex, one feels an uncontrollable desire to be with this person- a desire which cannot be subdued by mental power. This kind of love is the most unpredictable- it occurs suddenly, when it is least expected. A person might be sitting in a cafà ©, drinking coffee, when a complete stranger walks past and somehow, the coffee suddenly loses its attractiveness. The only thing occupying the person’s mind is how to catch the mysterious stranger’s attention. When one experiences this kind of love, one feels as though in a trance- the only thought occupying the brain is  that of the object of desire. Even a touch on the hand by the loved one can cause extreme felicity. When a person is â€Å"in love,† the object of desire is the meaning of that person’s life; he or she wakes up in the morning, overflowing with vivacity and energy, all fueled by the thought that he or she will be with that one particular person. When someone experiences such attraction to another person, he or she is ready to risk his or her life for the loved one or for the sake of being together, just like Romeo and Juliet preferred to die rather than be separated. â€Å"Chemical love,† therefore, is stronger than the mental power and cannot be purposely controlled. All three kinds of love share a common property- they are feelings, which are mentally uncontrollable; they completely take over the body, and the brain is helpless in stopping them. Love cannot be forced or decided upon; it controls itself and completely takes over the person experiencing it. This is why love is so potent- the human being is helpless in stopping its effects. A person usually experiences each type of love at least once during his or her lifetime. All three come together to form one of the most powerful forces in existence- love.

Democracy in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Democracy in China - Essay Example As Chinese 'media' and 'democracy' are interlinked in a single framework, people expects from media to wake up democracy in China, not the vice versa. It is through the wide contribution of picky media that today has made it possible to at least speak in favour of self-contained civil societies and public spheres in China. With these issues unresolved, and with market economics and representative democracy only partially institutionalised, Chinese Government has detected that socialism and fascism in today's era would not be taken as alternative models for modern society. A society which is media driven and can be scanned as long as it is 'Chinese local media'. But to the extent where Chinese Government enters the boundaries of International scrutiny, capitalist democracy in both the economic and political spheres is unable to acquire superiority. However, the efforts on part of the Government could be on its way showing fascism along with its military failure and all the inefficiencies of state socialism and authoritarian tendencies can be put in the court of Chinese Government. Media currently is playing hide and seek with the Chinese democracy where on seeking any possibility of democratic revival, International media would consider it a genius. ... y which has opened some new ways for building up a better image of democracy among the International media relations, International Media can help in protesting to social inequalities. Since this issue is the main obstruction in reviving a democratic China, therefore media can juxtapose 'social construction' in awakening democracy. These inequalities require a foreign body to predict reality on the basis of racial differences (Vhang et al, 1998). The foreign media can utilise this little opportunity from behalf of the Chinese government to make the Chinese public understand the responsibility to deliver a 'new' generation. A generation free from social inequalities and injustice. This would serve as the first step towards a democratic Government. International media can turn Chinese educational centers into 'revolutionary centers' as long as differences exists between yellow race and Koreans and Chinese who pour into schools from deprived and shabby homes quickly amaze with their high IQ scores. Such a social construction would serve as an injection at the ground root level where media would not only infuse equality among the public which would ultimately lead to democratise China but also would be helpful to develop a society where there would be no hard and fast social class differences among the citizenry. This message of equality from the international media would change the thinking of at least the younger generation, and on the basis of such equality democracy would be strengthened in China. From the local community 'town meetings', to the media of discussion and questioning, when all the racial and social differences would be alleviated the outcome would be finally into the great halls of the legislatures, the courts , the executive departments for prudent

One page summary ISO9000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One page summary ISO9000 - Essay Example Various types of documents are required for ISO 9000 certification. Apart from the details of quality management systems, details of management responsibility, resource management, production realization, Measurement, analysis and improvement etc are required to submit by a company if it applies for ISO 9000 certification. The 1994 version of ISO certification emphasized quality assurance via preventive actions, instead of just checking final product whereas the 2000 version of ISO 9000 certification brought the concept of process management front and center (Process management" was the monitoring and optimizing of a companys tasks and activities, instead of just inspecting the final product). ISO does not itself certify organizations; but it provides certification through the accreditation bodies and certification bodies formed in different countries. These bodies charge some fees for giving ISO certification. ISO certification can create a more efficient, effective operation, incre ase customer satisfaction and retention, reduce audits, enhance marketing, improve employee motivation, awareness, and morale, promote international trade, increases profit and reduce waste. At the same time in order to get ISO certification an organization should spent a substantial amount of money, time and also it requires massive paperwork for

An Enemy of the People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

An Enemy of the People - Essay Example Besides, the play portrays different interpretations of the same truth. When one tries to prove that his/her ideas or viewpoints is the ultimate truth, the scope of compromise become limited. In the play, difference in opinion due to individual difference leads to conflict and eventually to never-ending hatred in the family. Thesis statement: An investigation to unearth Ibsen’s view of Human Nature, critique of ideas, values, and features of democratic community, and its strengths and weaknesses. The setting of the play is a Norwegian town which is governed by Peter Stockmann. The main plot of the play is the conflict between two brothers, Dr. Peter Stockmann and Dr. Thomas Stockmann. Besides, the play related to a man who happens to be against a town in which he lives in. The conflict between Dr. Peter and Dr. Thomas extends beyond the private domain of their family and spreads to their community. Dr. Thomas, who is public-minded, discovers that the water supply did undergo pollution. As a public minded citizen, he tries to trace the reason behind pollution. In addition, he meets politicians, journalists and economists and other citizens in his locality, but for vain. But Dr. Thomas’ idealism leads to further issues in the society and the people began to consider him as an enemy. For instance, the annoyed mass forced Dr. Thomas and his family to leave the same town which he tries to save from health issues due to water pollution. But Dr. Thomas Stockmann was not ready to part with his idealistic view of social responsibility of a citizen towards his/her community. But his idealism leads him to suffer a lot. For instance, his family life, career as a doctor, his private property etc is totally ruined. The character of Dr. Thomas reminds an exceptional character who is ready to face risks in one’s life but not ready to part with one’s belief/ideology. Ibsen’s characters acts the role of a mouthpiece which helps one have

A New Saxophone Music Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A New Saxophone Music Style - Essay Example This "A New Saxophone Music Style" describes the versatility of this instrument. The saxophone acceptation into the classical music is limited, since the orchestras were fully developed before the invention of saxophone. Some pieces by important composers –like Berlioz– were composed for saxophone, but its importance as a jazz instrument is undeniable. For saxophonists, it is important to study both jazz and classical styles, in order to become more versatile performers. By means of the art of improvisation, saxophone was developed as an unbeatable instrument for jazz solos. The versatility of saxophone can establish a remarkable difference between jazz and classical styles. In a concert band or orchestra, the jazz-oriented player may sound too loud and raucous, while the classically-oriented player may be considered rigid in the jazz ensemble. According to Walsh (1-2), classical and jazz styles differentiate in the notation of articulations. Classical music tends to be meticulously notated, and performers should reproduce the articulations shown in the sheet music. â€Å"Notated jazz, on the other hand, often features a string of eighth notes under a long slur or with no markings whatsoever†. In the case of jazz, performers are expected to play the articulation they find stylistically appropriate, rather than just focusing on the page. Other differences in both styles depend on the use of fundamental elements in saxophone playing, e.g. tone colour, vibrato, articulation, accents, scoops, glissandi and ghost notes, among others.

Comparative Corporate Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Comparative Corporate Governance - Essay Example Apart from the governance framework it also includes the legal, institutional, ethical and regulatory framework of the community. Corporate governance is also responsible for the accountability to capital providers. It deals with the conflicts between the management and the investors. In a broad perspective, corporate governance is defined as the ways in which an organization is administered, controlled and directed (Corpgov, 2012). The corporate governance norms have shown a trend towards a growing convergence. Growth of globalization boosted by technological advancement has allowed the stakeholders to maintain a close relation and connectivity with the company (Carati and Rad, 2000). The advent of internet connectivity has made the global business market an open platform, where the stakeholders can easily compare between different governance norms followed in different organizations. Most of the firms operate in perspective of multi- national stakeholders, where the investors of a particular company belong to different cultures. As a result the firms needed to adopt a commonly accepted and globally used corporate governance system. The convergence of the corporate governance is to make sure that all the stakeholders, employees, and the management work in a convergent way so as to create value to the organization and all associated individual (Strandberg, 2005). Previously, the governance process was only focu sed on the firm’s compliance to set rules and regulations. Eventually the process has evolved from box-ticking approach to a behavioural transformation, which allows the organization to not only make sure that it is moving in the right direction but also it ensures value addition for the stakeholders. The importance of stakeholders has become a major concern for the firms, as they represent the primary determinant of the organizational success (Vogt, 2007). Among the stake holders the

Managing Change in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Change in the Workplace - Essay Example It is however important to note that culture is fluid in nature considering the rapid changes organizations are subject to at the global level. Over the period of time, there have been constant changes in the external environment of the organizations making them more vulnerable to change. The debate on whether organizational culture is something organization is or has depends upon how organizations adapt the culture and mold themselves according to the overall given situation. Given the overall complexity of the management of the culture specially the sub-cultures, it is relatively difficult to actually determine as to how organizations should tackle the issue of organizational culture and overall change management.It is however important to note that culture is fluid in nature considering the rapid changes organizations are subject to at the global level. Over the period of time, there have been constant changes in the external environment of the organizations making them more vulne rable to change. The debate on whether organizational culture is something organization is or has depends upon how organizations adapt the culture and mold themselves according to the overall given situation. Given the overall complexity of the management of the culture specially the sub-cultures, it is relatively difficult to actually determine as to how organizations should tackle the issue of organizational culture and overall change management.  

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 107

Assignment Example Chapter 22 is called genitourinary alterations. This chapter talks about diseases that attack the urinary tract and the genitals. The chapter further provides treatment and nursing care for victims suffering from genitourinary alterations. It also talks about the pathophysiology of these alterations. Chapter 23 on the other hand, talks about gastrointestinal alterations. These are defects that affect the gastrointestinal tract. The chapter then goes deeper to further elaborate on these alterations. The chapter then gives as ways in which we can take care of patients diagnosed with these alterations. Chapter 24 talks about respiratory alterations. These are diseases that affect the lungs and trachea; the respiratory system. These alterations hinder with the intake of oxygen in the body and may also lead to an increase in production of carbon dioxide in the body. The chapter then tells means of controlling and treating these alterations. In conclusion, upon completion of the reading of this book a student should be able to know pharmacological treatments for these alterations. Pharmacology deals with the study of drug action. Hence one should know which drug is appropriate for which disease and how the drug acts in the

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

English - Essay Example Ideally, the bodies giving censorship to books, films, and music, radio or television programs and artistic expression ensure that the information they think is unacceptable to the members of the public and threatens the socio economic and political order of the state has been altered. Specific bodies like the government, religious body or even privet groups are capable to impose censorship on artworks, film, music, and television and radio programs among others. Various forms of censorship exist namely, preventative which is done before publishing the expression, licensing, prior restraint by the government, self-censorship, and punitive censorship usually done after the publication of the material. Basically, in most cases, it is done to protect the public from filthy materials or information especially the children. Some individuals are against censorship as they argue that it deprives them their right to be freely express themselves. Censorship can be done in order to uphold the societal moral values like in the case of censorship to pornography films. Moreover, the stability of the state and the togetherness of people in a nation can be maintained or protected wherever there is censorship to media to reconsider the information they are distributing to individuals. ... In the United States, right to free speech has been clearly provided by First Amendment of the Constitution. Therefore, freedom of expression and right to free speech correlate and so people should be entitled to freely express themselves whether in television, forums or in any form of artwork. Artists have however, claimed that their creativity and art have been somehow negatively interfered with the so called censorship. According to some artists, censorship has restricted creative expression since one has to limit and revise their materials without being displayed to the whole public. But still artists, individuals and other media personalities can entertain people and transmit the intended message without any indecent or coarse words. The following are examples of censorship from my personal experience, from the article by Inglis called, â€Å"The Ed Sullivan Show† and from a general perspective. To start with, when I was about twelve years old, my parents were very keen o n which channel I was watching, which programs I was listening to, and the peers I was hanging out with. This to them was a way of ensuring that I learn good manners and be a responsible person in future. For this reason, they censored almost everything in my life and even at school, teachers tended to do the same arguing it was for our own good. I would argue that, yes there are certain words, music that cannot be aired in popular radio stations where they can be heard by everyone including the innocent children. However, today there are many programs that demand for particular audience. For instance, at the beginning of certain programs, there are indicated PG to block children from watching or listening to them or parents are advised to

Facebook Effects on Society Essay Example for Free

Facebook Effects on Society Essay Nowadays, the social networking known also as social media has become a widespread subject among people, especially among teenagers. At its beginning, social media consisted of diverse dating websites. Now, most people consider that having a social media account means that you have a Facebook account. Facebook involves interactivity and the aim of it was, from the very beginning, to be able to add different people as friends and let those people know about the activities of their new friends. It was launched in 2004 and now is one of the most popular social media websites in the entire world. According to the last surveys in the field, Facebook changes and influences social relationships along with peoples ideas, thoughts and actions. There are several negative effects that Facebook has on the society, in general, and on the people, individually. Facebook causes addiction, which implies: less social interaction, distraction from another tasks and health issues. Since for many people searching and posting on Facebook has become one of the main daily activities, less social interaction begin to be one of the main negative effects that Facebook has on its users. Recent data shows that there are over 500 million Facebook users, which means 1 person in every 13 people on Earth uses Facebook. This social media website seems to be for people an escape from real life to a life where everything is fine and organized. In 2010, Pew Research Center created a survey on over 2,000 respondents about social networking influences and demonstrated that 92% of the social networking users have account on Facebook and 52% of them check their Facebook profile at least once a day. Overall, half of the actual Facebook users, which means 250 million people, checks their profile daily. And definitely, those who tend to check their profile many times a day are the ones who tend to get more attracted by the activities on Facebook and so, to be less interested in real life productivity. Christine Rosen, member of the Ethics and Public Policy Center from Washington, says People who use networks like Facebook have a tendency to describe themselves like products(BUGEJA 88). That less social interaction will begin once the Facebook users start feeling more connected with the others through Facebook. A research did by Alex Trimpe, student at Columbus College of Art Design shows that 57% of people talk more online than they do in real life (BATTISHILL). In addition, a report in Daily Mail confirmed that more than a third of the respondents spend less time on going out with friends than posting or chatting on Facebook. A percentage of 75 of the surveyed people have fewer friends since they started using Facebook as a way to keep friends updated and even if they realize they need more real meetings, Facebook is still the first choice for hanging-out and for meeting new people. This seems to be a new way of creating and maintaining friendship relations and Steven Strogatz, network science expert and PhD professor at Cornell University, confirms: The distinction between genuine friends and acquaintances is becoming blurred. Users are spending time maintaining relationships with people they dont really care about. (JARVIS) Another of Facebooks negative effects on society is the distraction from important tasks, which increases the inability to control important occupations such as working or studying. Michael Bugeja, professor and director of the Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication at the University of Iowa, named this generation The Facebook Generation who text-message during class, talk on their cellphones during labs, and listen to iPods rather than guest speakers in the wireless hall(Bugeja 85). Due to this extended presence on Facebook, the students encounter issues on tasks performances or in respecting due dates. For instance, a psychologist of the Centre for Learning Sciences and Technologies at Open University, Paul Kirschnera, and Aryn Karpinskib, a professor at Ohio State University, did a survey that shows that the average GPA of students without a Facebook account is around 3.86 while the Facebook users have a GPA of 3.06 (Choney). Paul Kirschnera affirmed in a Daily Mail article: The problem is that most people have Facebook or other social networking sites, their emails and maybe instant messaging constantly running in the background while they are carrying out other tasks(Fleming). Facebook has a well developed entertainment value and, also, an informative value and both make people get involved in discussions or any other activities allowed on this website. Their curiosity or pleasure in what they see or read encourages them to spend more time facebooking. For example, checking the last posts on their friends walls, changing constantly their status or using Facebook chat. Any social media activity longer than a few minutes interferes with peoples main occupation, in students case, homework, and it makes difficult to keep them focused on what is really important. The experts advice Facebook users to take tech breaks and check their profiles after at least 15 minutes of working on other different tasks. Last, but definitely one of the most dangerous effects of Facebook on society is that it brings a series of health risks. According to a Daily Mail report, people who often use social media tend to be more isolated, and they find it difficult to communicate in person. Doctor Aric Sigman, member of The Institute of Biology, says in The Biologist, This [isolated behavior] can increase the risk of health problems as serious as cancer, strokes, heart diseases, and dementia (BBC News). These health issues are more likely to appear in someone who spends more time socializing online than he does on face-to-face contacts. In addition, Dr Sigman underlines that some hormones such as stress released or oxytocin hormones, which help people to start and maintain social relationships, are altered in the people who do not have an active social life and who share their emotions and thoughts through Internet. It explains why many people who overuse Facebook are more vulnerable to stress, nervousness and isolation. Another health risk caused by an excessive use of Facebook is the chaotic habit of eating that people have, especially teenagers. If they spend most of their time on Facebook, they tend to skip meals or eating unhealthy food. According to researchers, t hese habits could lead to diseases like bulimia or anorexia. A survey based on a sample of 600 Facebook users with ages between 16-40 and done by The Center for Eating Disorders, reports that 75% of the respondents do not like how their body looks and 51% of them compare their bodies with their Facebook friends’ bodies (Cowden). Doctor Harry Brandt, director of The Center for Eating Disorders mentions, â€Å"Facebook is making it easier for people to spend more time and energy criticizing their own bodies and wishing they looked like someone else [] In this age of modern technology and constant access to SmartPhones and the internet, it’s becoming increasingly difficult for people to remove themselves from images and other triggers that promote negative body image, low self-esteem and may ultimately contribute to eating disorders (Shaffer). Many people become obsessed with that ideal thin body and the results of the survey mentioned above underlines that people tend to pursue a weight-loss diet because they draw a negative image of their bodies when comparing with other users images. It is clear that, at one point, Facebook is enjoyable and its policy is not other than to bring people together faster and easier, though it still affects peoples lives in many ways. Some people are more liable to be isolated from real life, which include in person connections and real entertainment activities. Others end up losing their jobs or getting low grades, in students cases, because of the time spent on Facebook. Some could become sick because of the obsession of having that perfect body image, which Facebook promotes, and they start pursuing wrong diets plans, which lead to improper meals. A large numbers of surveys show the negative effects of Facebook to society and the doctors are also worried about the approach that society have for social media websites, especially Facebook. Generally speaking, Facebook mostly affects many people because they neglect real life and spend way too much time on chatting, posting on and checking their profile. The risks and the negative sides of social media will be reduced if the people will use a lower amount of virtual socializing. WORKS CITED BBC, News Online networking harms health.† N.p 09.02.2009. Web. 18 Apr 2012. . Black, Nathan. Facebook Depression Affecting Teens, Report Says. Christian Post 29 March 2011, n. pag. Print. Bugeja, Michael. Facing the Facebook. Chronicle of Higher Education 27 February 2006, Daily Ed. n. pag. Print. Choney, Suzanne. Facebook use can lower grades by 20 percent, study says. N.p., 2010. Web.

Prescriptive and emergent approaches for developing strategies

Prescriptive and emergent approaches for developing strategies Introduction The concept of corporate strategy battles with the perennial issue of determining the overall purpose and scope of an organisation. From a contemporary perspective, it involves the specification of long-term goals and objectives that will add value to the business and cope with the uncertainty of modern times. As a practice, it consists of adopting courses of action and allocating resources in ways necessary for carrying out the overall objectives. Widely recognised as the most principal theories for strategy development, the prescriptive and emergent approaches must be examined within the context of an increasingly dynamic, highly competitive and global business environment. Powerful external forces are driving organisations to reduce costs, enhance processes and identify new opportunities for growth. Many businesses are compelled to make dramatic improvements not only to compete and prosper but also merely to survive. This brings to the fore the importance of determining how effectively the prescriptive and emergent approaches can meet the needs of todays businesses when formulating strategy. The Prescriptive Approach The prescriptive approach regards strategy development as a systematised and deterministic process where analysis of the organisation, its performance and external environment leads to the formation of a rational, long-term plan. Senior management is in charge of defining the final objectives and the plan is then put into action through the successive layers of the organisation. Techniques which feed this process include Porters heavily structured Five Forces model for analysing industry and Value Chain Analysis which highlights existing capabilities as a solid basis for competitive advantage. It is pointed out by Ansoff that firms in fast-paced, competitive environments who use a systematic process for strategic planning very often go on to dominate their marketplace. Their logical, analytical approach allows them to devise predictive and pre-emptive strategies from which they can meet new opportunities head on. For instance, in 1995 EasyJet used incredible foresight to introduce low cost flights allowing it to take advantage of a more cost-conscious European Market. Whats more, this approach makes it possible to organise complex activities and exercise a greater degree of control over different business units. For example, Tescos planning process resulted in well defined long-term goals and clear boundaries for its UK core business, retail service, non-food and international sectors. It has succeeded in achieving consistent growth and profit in all of these areas over recent years. Strategy formation which places a lot of weight on existing capability strengths is thought to be a secure basis on which a firm should define itself and optimise its position, particularly in times of rapid and turbulent change. For example, Motorola has successfully met the needs of emerging markets by using its fundamental technological strengths in electronic components to progress from supplying TVs and car radios to offering telecommunications services. From a contrary perspective,ÂÂ  Johnson states that the prescriptive model contains many assumptions that are unsustainable in todays business world. The logical approach implies that strategy development is always deliberate and that strategies are realised according to plan. However, empirical research by Mintzberg discounts this, highlighting that realised strategy tends to be only 10 to 30 percent of the intended strategy. This is mainly because unpredictable events, such as the introduction of new regulations or technologies, will regularly act to force the original strategy off its course. Additionally, the prescriptive approach to planning falls short in allowing for any learned elements to be absorbed into the strategy and so can limit an organisations ability to respond flexibly in todays rapidly changing environment. The narrow-minded manner in which it focuses on established areas of business and capabilities can hinder serious transformational change where reinvention is required. A further criticism is that the prescriptive model fails to complement modern organisational cultures where employees at lower levels are included in the decision making process. This type of involvement is frequently found in small or medium sized businesses. As a result, organisational creativity can be stifled and employee dissonance may occur as it is at these levels that work processes are most fully understood. The Emergent Approach Mintzberg put the idea forward that strategies can be unplanned, developing incrementally over time as a businesses actions adapt to a changing reality. Instead of meeting a premeditated plan, he argued that strategy evolves through a process of learning, adjustment and experimentation. Formulation of strategy runs parallel to implementation and managers at multiple organisational levels have a key input into the actual strategies pursued by the organisation. This models emphasis on learning underlies more recent theories which focus on the value of knowledge as a core organisational competence for gaining competitive advantage. An emergent approach leads to more creative and responsive strategy making which is well suited to the hyper-competitive and unpredictable environments of today. Interestingly, Hamel and Prahalad pointed out that the most successful firms in the world such as Microsoft and Apple Macintosh do not tie themselves down to mission, goals and objectives or the predetermined plan. In contrast with the prescriptive approach which focuses on creating a fit between established strengths and emerging opportunities, the emergent approach challenges the status quo by intentionally creating a misfit between these factors. Hence, it is more suited to instigating positive, transformational organisational change such as diversification or restructuring. It also has the added benefit of helping to reduce resistance to change as it allows time to build employee support while the strategy is taking shape. On a negative note, when formulation and implementation occur simultaneously there is a risk that strategy development becomes too slow and jumbled a process. This means that valuable opportunities may be missed along the way. Also, conflicting objectives from different groups can hinder strategy development, particularly when there are power shifts taking place during a major strategic change such as a merger. Without strict analysis and identifiable targets, objectives can lack clarity and there may be no real basis for evaluating performance. Indeed, it was pointed out by Brews and Hunt that an over-reliance on emergent strategy formation could result in underperformance. Conclusion Within the framework of an environment which is by and large unpredictable, many organisations are forced to become more flexible and adaptive to change. This supports the adoption of an emergent approach to strategy development which invokes a more intelligent capacity to respond to new opportunities. Nonetheless, such a strategy can preclude control over actions and may risk a lack of direction. A greater use of strategic planning tools for internal and external analysis would certainly facilitate improved organisational learning and enhance strategic thinking even while following an emergent approach. This recognition that the prescriptive and emergent processes, rather than being mutually exclusive, can be complementary approaches that reinforce each other is being highlighted in more recent theories such as the Logical Incrementalism approach proposed by Quinn. All in all, most viable strategies in todays business world should have customised elements of prescriptive and emergent characteristics in order to manage the complexities of their business and still triumph over changing circumstances.

Case Study of Nissans Cogent Co-Development

Case Study of Nissans Cogent Co-Development In early 1990s Nissan started its NX96 improvement initiative focusing on quality(Q), cost(C), delivery(D), development and management(M). Thus Nissan could measure QCD performance levels of components from supplier, then set and achieve improvement targets. But that was not the case in development assessment due to diverse range of challenges in terms of widely varying nature of suppliers products and technologies, resulting in poor overall performance and threat for their competitiveness. These deficiencies of development in NX96 initiative were considered and replaced with NEXT21 (Nissan Euro eXcellnce Towards 21st century) incorporating new approach to design and development (DD). Nissans requirement from its supplier base was about 75%. Though suppliers had world class quality levels with defect rate of less than 10ppm, in publics perception Nissan remained below its competitors even after surpassing them in quality data figures. With these feedbacks, Nissan focused on attractive quality apart from basic quality. In 1995 Nissan formulated COGENT, Co-development re-generation tool, an initiative developed with partnership between NETC (Nissan European Technology Centre), Cranfield University and 89 of its suppliers. COGENT has a Latin origin meaning, Drive Forward Together, and runs hand-in-hand with NEXT21 programme. The aim of COGENT was to improve overall performance of product; that is to get best quality at cheaper price with faster delivery. The fact that 80% of quality performance determined at development phase brings in significant overall benefit at production stage justifies the need to focus on component DD itself. The specific goal of COGENT was to bring DD activities of suppliers in close alignment with that of Nissan itself. The objective was primarily to develop better understanding and more effective relationship between Nissan and its suppliers by having open communication at early stages of product development and also to maintain the momentum. Part 2: Overview of theories involved Supply chain management is the integration of each element of supply, design, production, and distribution from extraction of raw material to end customer delivery. (Rudzki et al. 2006). Managing supplier relationships is the vital part of strategic supply management as market changes and trends makes external suppliers a critical part of a firms value chain (Trent 2007). Through a good relationship, supplier development activities by means of collaboration with suppliers in various forms of partnerships, enables to improve overall effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain as a whole (Ford et al. 1998). One of the important steps in supplier development during Integrative Development stage is Supplier Integration in New Product development (NPD). Suppliers are integrated into buyers supply chain network by means of supplier involvement in DD of new products, processes, and services (Krause 1999 Module note page: 45, Refer appendix Fig. A for supplier development Model Step#10). Early supplier involvement(ESI) is the process of relying on suppliers, either physically or virtually, to provide support early on during strategic planning, demand and supply planning, continuous improvement projects, project planning and development of new technologies and products. ESI is often associated with new product development and the factors that drive include the need for continuous improvement, the need to develop new products, services, and processes quickly and also save cost by doing the design right at first time, thus achieving reduced cycle times of concept-to-customer (Trent 2007). Though there are various expenses involved in supplier relationship management, buyer companies reap the benefits such as achieving are lower production costs by means of right first time design, improved material flow through reduced inventory, and reduced administration costs by means of integrated information systems (Ford et al. 1998). Overall benefits to the buyer company are reduction in material cost, reduction in development and manufacturing cost, reduction in development cycle time, improvement in quality, functionality, features and technology. Table1 presents findings from the study that focused on how different organisations involve suppliers during product and process development and reveal that ESI deliver better performance results (Trent 2007).   Early Involvement Reduction in material costs 20% Reduction in development cycle time 20% Improvement in material quality 20% Reduction in development costs 20% Reduction in manufacturing costs 10% Improvement in product functionality, features, technology 20% Table1. Median Improvements from ESI (Trent 2007:227) . In general, long-term relationships result in improvements in: Supplier involvement focus and ownership of product focus on continuous improvement implementation method focus on quality teamwork on new product introduction shared vision alignment of people and systems clearly defined responsibility and accountability (Burnes and Dale 1998). Part 3: COGENT Implementation and Achievements MDs of some of Nissans supplier companies were invited to NETC to discuss about key points of co-development, what was required to be done for them to achieve world class levels of design by year 2000 and how they would implement changes. NETC and Cranfield University worked together intensively with Nissans first tier suppliers for the first year, trying to communicate the very essence of COGENT. But they realized that the message was not reaching the wide supplier base fast enough. Thus fast-track COGENT was initiated. Suppliers were invited for a day long intensive event to work through three specific workshops that takes through the core messages of COGENT. The fast track COGENT concentrated in three areas for aligning different aspects of co-development aligning perceptions, aligning processes, and aligning project targets and key milestones. The steps followed for each areas of alignment were same where do we want to be, where we are now, how to get there, and implement and monitor improvement plan. Suppliers were asked to consider their current perceptions of their relationship with Nissan, analyse their own existing development processes and their plans to meet NEXT21 targets. Also, they were asked to start thinking about where they want to be in terms of world class performance levels of development and were discussed in each session of fast track COGENT, ultimately leading to the very important question how to get there. This enabled Nissan and suppliers to identify possible improvement activities to strengthen their development capabilities and also to prioritize areas of improvement resulting in a clearly defined improvement plan. Again the suppliers were encouraged to further prioritize their specific improvement actions and to begin generating improvement action monitor sheet from their findings. On completion of fast track activity each supplier is clear with what is being expected of them with a set of mutually agreed action plans for DD improvement. Thus success of COGENT can be monitored against their action to assess suppliers development performance. COGENT was primarily designed to invest more time and resources in starting of development phase itself, thereby avoiding the concern of re-design after testing and verification of trial design parts and also improve lead time. This eliminates majority of waste throughout the whole development cycle and also total resources used are comparatively less. Those suppliers who took part in COGENT initiative displayed outstanding achievement levels in NEXT21 performance appraisal. The fig.1 projects the rate of improvement that suppliers might have achieved by year 1998 to about 1% if they had continued with NX96 and where as NEXT21 targeted at 5%. However, average figures achieved by suppliers who took part in COGENT achieved 11% improvement. Part 4: Conclusion Through the workshop, Cranfield University created an environment to ease effective communication and understanding between supplier and Nissan, and to have a better combined work relationship in order to identify what Nissan and supplier needs to do to stay competitive in the global market. The entire process is not just to find out areas of improvement for supplier, but also a mutually beneficial joint effort of development for future to bring performance improvements and continuous improvement thereafter, which will help eliminate wastes at every stage, from concept to successful delivery. COGENT has enabled Nissan identify what is required to be done to overcome the flaws, under shared basic understanding of challenges and problems they are likely to face during the process of product DD in order to bring about the most effective co-development relationship. The approach as a whole, has not only given a face-lift for measuring success in DD, but also gave an opportunity for Nissan to align its suppliers development processes alongside its own. COGENT has enable Nissan work more closely and effectively in their relationship with its suppliers throughout the whole DD phase. Nissan and its suppliers together are developing future products with attracted quality to satisfy their customer by driving forward together. As more and more suppliers are introduced to COGENT through fast track, the achievements continue to represent a significant step change in performance. By 2000, 90% of Nissan vehicle sold were built in Europe and this demonstrates Nissans vital European operation which was achieved as a result of COGENT initiative, aiding Nissan gain competitive advantage in the automotive market. Part 5: Theory linked to practice Key Learning points In an effective supply chain management suppliers and customers work together in a coordinated manner by sharing and communicating rapid flow of information. Suppliers and customers must have shared goals and vision, and also must participate together in DD of products/processes of the supply chain to achieve their shared goals. In context of Total Quality Management (TQM), benchmarking is essential for assessing current performance to identify possible improvements. Benchmarking is measuring where the company is positioned now and using that as a guideline identify where the company wants to be in future by setting performance goals in each areas of supply chain (Module Note, page 51-54). During the course of mutually benefiting bilateral relationship in supply chain, one of the important steps is ESI in DD, which has a major role in minimizing total cost. This basic understanding brings in the need of co-development, where suppliers are involved in early stages of new product DD and hence most buyer companies are making ESI one of their most important supply management strategies. Effective integration of suppliers into the supply chain will be a key factor for manufacturers in achieving improvements necessary to remain competitive and to improve supply chain as a whole. Part 6: Future trends Automotive manufacturers in general have their own strategy for bring out best quality and cheapest cars in short time to the competitive market. In case of Nissan, they have a pool of potentially capable suppliers who meet the production requirements in terms of quality and delivery with reasonably good cost factors and are driving for continuous improvement towards the achieving further set targets by Nissan. With COGENT initiative, Nissan has started the integrative development by involving its first-tier suppliers in their NPD activities and is essentially the success story behind success of its new products in recent few years. The future trend for Nissan would be to establish performance improvements in second-tier suppliers and also possibilities to establish improvements in third-tier suppliers and so on. These supplier development steps will definitely help Nissan achieve a globally aligned supplier network in future ahead. Part 7: List of References Anon. (1999) Nissans cogent: the co-development regeneration tool. [DVD] Burnes,B, Dale,B (1998) Working in partnership. Hampshire: Gower Publishing Limited Ford,D, Gadde,L, Hakansson,H, Lundgren,A, Snehota,I, Turnbull,P, Wilson,D (1998) Managing Business Relationships. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons Ltd Handfield, Robert B.; Ragatz, Gary L.; Petersen, Kenneth J.; Monczka, Robert M (1999) Involving Suppliers in New Product Development.. California Management Review 42 (Issue 1), 59-82 M25EKM Supply Chain Management Module Notes : Module Leader Phil Southey Rudzki,R.A.,Smock,D.A.,Katzorke,M and Stewar,S.Jr (2006) Straight to the Bottom Line-An Executives Roadmap to World Class Supply Management. Indiana: J.Ross Publishing Trent,R.J. (2007) Strategic Supply Management: Creating the Next Source of Competitive Advantage. Indiana: J.Ross Publishing Part 8: Appendix 1. Fig.A. Supplier Model (Krause 1999 Module note page: 45)

Equality by Differences Essay -- essays research papers fc

Equality by Differences   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The end of the Civil War marked the destruction of the institution of slavery and thus, at least officially, the equality of all races within America. However, people used to being either slaves or masters for many years simply do not change out of their former roles overnight. In the decades following the Civil War, the legacy of slavery was very apparent, as blacks struggled with both poverty and second-class citizen status. True equality had yet been achieved. Such was the aim of writers like W.E.B Dubois and Booker T. Washington, who sought to put both level the social, political, and economic playing fields for both blacks and whites. Although both Dubois and Washington had similar ends, they disagreed on the means. Washington considered blacks’ poverty the more basic problem, claiming that once blacks could establish themselves economically within society, recognition as political and cultural equals would follow. However, Dubois took the opposite sta nce by saying that the training of blacks for economic usefulness was no better than what had occurred during slavery, and that before all else, blacks as a race must assert their unique identity and cultural integrity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Booker T. Washington stressed in his article, â€Å"The Awakening of the Negro†, the importance of blacks being able to economically support themselves. By proving themselves as productive members of society, blacks could win the approval of whites, and slowly but surely gain recognition as equals. No longer would blacks be considered a sub-human people, but a people that white people saw as worthy of respect and admiration. By using their status as a free people to integrate themselves into the economic life of America, blacks could become the providers of many goods and necessities to whites. By becoming a vital cog in the economic machine, blacks could then become a social and political force that whites could no longer ignore or dismiss. This is the rationale for Washington as he stresses industrial training in his Tuskegee Institute: â€Å"we find that as every year we put into a Southern community colored men who can start a brick-yard, a sawmill, a tin-shop, or a printing-office, -- men who produce something that makes the white man partly dependent upon the Negro, instead of all the dependence being on the... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two writers’ theories were applied in real life, as Washington set up the Tuskegee Institute to help in the economic training of black persons in the South, while Dubois formed the NAACP to organize black people as a group and race. Both Dubois and Washington had logical explanations of their positions, and the fruits of their beliefs and work are evident today, as race relations continue to improve and the drive for true equality among Americans of every color pushes forth. Works Cited Du Bois, W.E.B. â€Å"Of Our Spiritual Strivings.† Making Connections. McGraw-Hill:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston, 2001. Du Bois, W.E.B. â€Å"Of the Training of Black Men.† The Atlantic Monthly. 12 February 1997. . Washington, Booker T. â€Å"The Awakening of the Negro.† The Atlantic Monthly. 12 February 1997. . Washington, Booker T. â€Å"The Case of the Negro.† The Atlantic Monthly. 12 February   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1997. .

Drinking Alcohol and Driving :: Exploratory Essays, Drunk Driving

Alcohol and Driving Imagine being in a bar with a few of your good friends. Everyone is drinking and having a good time. Your are going to leave and go home, but you friends won't let you because they know the dangers of driving after having a few drinks. Instead they ca ll a cab to give you a ride home. You would be extremely lucky to have such smart friends. Drunk driving is a very serious problem in our society today, but it is becomming socially unacceptable causing the numbers of alcohol related traffic fatalites t o decline considerably. Drunk driving can be very deadly. Yet many people drive while under the influence everyday. Drivers who are drunk are blamed for the loss of as many as twentyfive thousand lives in highway crashes each year and hundreds of thousands of severe injurys. It is thought that drunk drivers have a long history of doing this and many prior arrests. In addition, most of those killed are just innocent victims whose behavior did not contibute to their deaths. These last two statements are both false. On aver age a drunk driver that kills has never been involved in a alcohol related accident before and have no proir convictions for drunk driving. The part about the people killed are just innocent bistanders is overaggerated also. Most of the drunk drivers v ictims are the drivers themselves, their often passengers, and the drunken pedestrains and cyclists. Despite this drunk driving is still very dangerous. It is the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in America today. In fact it is said that ab out 40 % of the population will be involved in a alcohol related crash during their life. Drunk driving is especially dangerous to young people, who seem to be more involved than others. Drunk driving is the number one cause of death among y oung people, accounting for 20% of all deaths from ages 15 to 20. Drunk driving is such a hard thing to overcome though. In our society alcolol is overwhelmingly accepted as a facilitator of sociable interaction, and the great majority of adults drink. But steps a re being taken and the numbers of deaths are declining. Alcohol-related traffic fatalities have been decreasing lately. As a proportion of all traffic fatalities it has been decreased since 1982. In fact since 1982 the number of alcohol releated traffic fatalities has decreased 30%, from 25,165 to 17,699, w hile alcohol-related traffic fatalitites, as a proportion of all traffic fatalities, decreased from 57% to 45%.

Effective Classroom Management Essay

According to James H. Stronge in his book â€Å"Qualities of Effective Teachers†, some guiding principles in classroom management are the following: †¢Consistent, proactive discipline is the crux of effective classroom management. †¢Inside the classroom, we could always expect some disciplinary problems, but some teacher could immediately handle the said problems. Instead of formulating immediate medicine for the behavioral problems, the teacher should focus on how to prevent these predicaments to occur. As much as possible, lets avoid dilemmas because it’s too pathetic for us to cry over spilled milk. †¢Establish routines for all daily tasks and needs. †¢To avoid turmoil inside the classroom, the teacher must ascertain routines from the start of the class, up to the class dismissal. This could also help a lot in saving much time and effort because their work is already in routine. †¢Orchestrate smooth transitions and continuity of momentum throughout the day. †¢As much as possible, the teacher must avoid dull moments inside the classroom to motivate the students to always pay attention to the speaker. The teacher must scheme smooth transitions of activities inside and outside the classroom throughout the day. †¢Strike a balance variety and challenge in students’ activities in the classroom. †¢There should be a variation of activities inside the classroom to avoid the students and even the teacher from being bored. †¢As classroom manager, be aware of all actions and activities in the classroom. †¢Even if the teacher is not around, she is still responsible for the students. That is why she must know the things that are happening inside the classroom and what her students are up to. †¢Resolve minor inattention and disruption before they became major disruptions. †¢Disruptions seem to be part in every classroom and in every lesson. No matter how big or small the hitch is, it could still give so much distraction not only to the teacher, but foremost to the students. That is why, if the disruption is still controllable, the teacher must try to stop it before it becomes too late for her to control the situation, and worse, it could spoil the whole transition of the lesson inside the classroom. †¢Reinforce positive behavior. †¢To motivate the students to always do the good and right thing, the teacher should always pay even the simplest compliments in her students’ actions especially to the appreciating ones. †¢Treat minor disturbances calmly. †¢If a simple rising of the voice could control the simple problem, then do it. There’s no need for you to be hysterical and over-react on something that’s just under control. †¢Work out a physical arrangement of chairs that facilitates an interactive teaching-learning process. †¢Some teachers change seating arrangement quarterly. This is to enhance interactions between the teachers and students. †¢Make good use of every instructional moment. Minimize discipline time to maximize instructional time.

NPM in the Philippines

The sporadic but effective New Public Management practices in the Philippines as presented by the author may be good catalysts for NPM proliferation and actual practice, but as presented by Vina and Aceron in â€Å"Building the Basics†, the small sources of hope often die a natural death due to partisan politics, corruption and in my own opinion, in some areas, violence. The idea of managing the government like a business and treating citizens not as constituents but customers/clients, public administration is therefore mutating from a benefactor which people tend to thank for the service to as a service provider that the clients can claim their rightful service. The appointment of Secretary Robredo to the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) is an effort of the Aquino Administration to have a successful grassroots-level performer and a paragon of good governance to effect change in the national level. I believe that the idea is for a veteran and proven NPM practitioner who understands the local scene can effect change. This strategy has been marred with recent unsavory criticisms of how he handled the DILG, e. g. the Quirino Grandstand Massacre. On Robredo, I believe a DILG Secretary should have a very strong grasp on a wide array of sectors, still, he has to focus on the sector that he is most effective, local administration. His weakness on the other sectors should be complemented by undersecretaries and assistant secretaries to present a competent multi-sectoral leadership. On the privatization efforts of Weihl, if the Philippines will continue to further privatize services, a very thorough study should be made to assure that these companies which will be placed in monopolizing positions, would not be able to abuse that position and further place the Filipino further down the poverty line, e. . Oil Deregulation and Energy Sector Privatization. Though majority of the bureaucracy and the private sector have lost hope in the moral recovery program of the government, I have not. A moral recovery program should go hand-in-hand with the headhunt for corrupt officials to expedite the change process in Philippine public administration. As the saying goes, if we want something we’ve never had before, we should be willing to do something we’ve never done before. †

Examine the Reasons for Domestic Violence in Society

Examine the patterns of and reasons for domestic violence in society (24 marks) Domestic violence is defined as physical, sexual or financial violence taking place within an intimate or family type relationship and forms a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviour. There are many patterns and reasons for domestic violence which each sociologist has a different view upon. Domestic violence affects certain people more than others as they are more vulnerable or stress is caused.These people include children, people living in rented accommodation, lower social classes or people with a family member who has a problem with drinking or illegal drugs. Richard Williamson sees domestic violence as a result of stress caused by these factors. Homes with overcrowding or worries about money tend to be more affected from domestic violence because it causes stress and arguments between family members and also reduces the social support a family needs.Dobash & Dobash’s research in Scotland based on police and court records and interviews with women reveal many patterns of domestic violence in society. They found that nearly 1 in 4 women have been assaulted but a partner and 1 in 5 it was repeatedly; they also found that most victims are women and 99% of the incidents are committed by men. These patterns are not biased as the research was carried out by a member of each sex; however this data is not accurate as it is found from Scottish police and court records and not all domestic violence cases are reported to the police.The Feminist view of domestic violence is that families shouldn’t be patriarchal where the male is dominant because it leads to wives being abused. Kate Millett and Shulamith Firestone argue that all societies have been founded on patriarchy and see the division between men and women in society as a division where men are the exploiters of women. Although they see marriage and family as key institutions they say that they are the main source of women’s oppression and that married men dominate their wives through domestic violence. However, Faith Robertson Elliot opposes this by aying not all men are aggressive and oppose domestic violence; it is also proved from Mirrlees Black that 1 in 7 men have been assaulted and 1 in 20 repeatedly. Feminists ignore the abuse and violence from women as they believe that the reason for domestic violence in families is due to the husband wanting to maintain his dominant status. The New Rights view is the total opposite of the Feminists and believes that the ‘Nanny state’ is too much and the government should let families get on with their own lives instead of paying them money when they don’t have enough.When people don’t adopt the ‘Nanny state’ it can lead to domestic violence as it causes stress through money problems in the family and doesn’t let the wife get away from domestic violence as she’ll have no financial support. However the New Right like this as the nuclear family can’t be separated due to the lack of money the wife would have if they did therefore maintaining the male dominance. The Marxist view on domestic violence is very similar to the New Right as they believe that wives rely on their husbands being a unit of consumption.Marxists believe that domestic violence is acceptable as husbands need to take out their frustration on their wives when they get home from work. They feel that husbands need to do this so that they are relaxed for the next day to perform their role of the ‘bread winner’. Therefore, although domestic violence is bad Marxists believe that both sexes rely on each other for either financial support or a stress reliever so domestic violence is essential in a Marxist society.

Boxing should be outlawed

We know that every individual is really inclined in sports. Some people are into sports because they want to see themselves being physically fit and it is a form of their hobby, too. But how about if the sport an individual engages involves intense physical contact that can cause him injury or disability instead of being physically fit? This kind of sport may pertain to boxing because it instigates a lot of physical pain and injury after the fight. Boxing is one of the phenomenal sports nowadays.Most individuals, young and old, really like to watch boxing especially if one of the opponents are their favorite boxer. Several individuals world widely are even encouraged to join boxing because it motivates them to become physically fit. Boxing also gives them an opportunity to experience quality life through the big prizes they receive from the fight and it maybe the chance that they will be recognized world widely; thus, for those individuals who like boxing very much consider it as an art and a sport where you try to predict the next move of your opponent.Moreover, boxing is sometimes called as â€Å"the manly art of self-defense† and it is a kind of sport in which the two opponents try to punch each other with the use of gloves at the same time try to avoid the opponents’ punches. But in spite of its popularity and advantages, many claimed that boxing is not a sport but a â€Å"barbaric† act because it inflicts too much physical pain and it is compared into cockfighting or dueling. Boxing is almost the same with dueling because the participants make an agreement to commit acts upon themselves that can also be considered crimes in different venues.Several advocates believed and debated that boxing must be banned. What are the grounds then of these advocates that they want boxing to be banned or outlawed? For sure, these advocates have reasonable and valid reasons why they want boxing to be outlawed. One article written by Oscar Avelar Bernste in refuted that boxing is not a sport. He said that boxing is come from the Roman Empire which society is full of violence and where gladiator fights are practiced.And there is no doubt why boxing involves barbaric and violent acts because it speaks of where it comes from. To witness a weaker opponent who is being crushed by a stronger opponent and will definitely lead to a bloody fight may be a good ground to banned boxing (see Oscar Avelar Bernstein. â€Å"Boxing is Not a Sport! †). Boxing motivates the audiences, especially the young audiences, to become violent. What the children observed during the fight surely registers on their minds and have the tendency to imitate those punches and become violent.Boxing should be outlawed because it can cause severe injuries, disability or sometimes death if the weaker opponent cannot longer bear the pain caused by the blows that are released by the stronger opponent. Though boxing instigates discipline and a lot of advantages yet it cannot compensate the pain and physical damages which your body receives from the fight. Reference 1. Oscar Avelar Bernstein. â€Å"Boxing is Not a Sport! † http://class. csueastbay. edu/english/real/REAL96/Solos/boxing. html

Risk Assessment

2. 1 Legislation The need for an employer to carry out risk assessment has been a requirement of health & safety legislation for many years. A summary of the risk assessment requirements is as follows: a) The Health & Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Sec 2 – Requires an employer to ensure the health, safety and welfare of his employees so far as is reasonably practicable. The process of risk assessment has therefore to be applied to determine what is â€Å"reasonably practicable† action in controlling any particular hazard. ) Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 1987 Reg 5 – Requires an employer to carry out an adequate assessment of the exposure of employees to working with asbestos. c) The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 & 1994 Reg 6 – Requires an employer not to carry out any work liable to expose any employee to any hazardous substance unless a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks created by that work has been undert aken and appropriate control measures are identified and implemented. ) The Noise at Work Regulations 1989 Reg 4 – Requires an employer to ensure that a competent person carries out a noise assessment when employees are exposed to noise levels above the action levels prescribed. Suitable control measures should be identified and implemented to reduce the risk of hearing damage. e) The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 – Require an employer to ensure that personal protective equipment (PPE) is suitable for its purpose (regulation 4), which implies that a risk assessment should be carried out to match the level of protection provided with the hazard present. Risk Assessment 2. 1 Legislation The need for an employer to carry out risk assessment has been a requirement of health & safety legislation for many years. A summary of the risk assessment requirements is as follows: a) The Health & Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Sec 2 – Requires an employer to ensure the health, safety and welfare of his employees so far as is reasonably practicable. The process of risk assessment has therefore to be applied to determine what is â€Å"reasonably practicable† action in controlling any particular hazard. ) Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 1987 Reg 5 – Requires an employer to carry out an adequate assessment of the exposure of employees to working with asbestos. c) The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 & 1994 Reg 6 – Requires an employer not to carry out any work liable to expose any employee to any hazardous substance unless a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks created by that work has been undert aken and appropriate control measures are identified and implemented. ) The Noise at Work Regulations 1989 Reg 4 – Requires an employer to ensure that a competent person carries out a noise assessment when employees are exposed to noise levels above the action levels prescribed. Suitable control measures should be identified and implemented to reduce the risk of hearing damage. e) The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 – Require an employer to ensure that personal protective equipment (PPE) is suitable for its purpose (regulation 4), which implies that a risk assessment should be carried out to match the level of protection provided with the hazard present. Risk Assessment 2. 1 Legislation The need for an employer to carry out risk assessment has been a requirement of health & safety legislation for many years. A summary of the risk assessment requirements is as follows: a) The Health & Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Sec 2 – Requires an employer to ensure the health, safety and welfare of his employees so far as is reasonably practicable. The process of risk assessment has therefore to be applied to determine what is â€Å"reasonably practicable† action in controlling any particular hazard. ) Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 1987 Reg 5 – Requires an employer to carry out an adequate assessment of the exposure of employees to working with asbestos. c) The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 & 1994 Reg 6 – Requires an employer not to carry out any work liable to expose any employee to any hazardous substance unless a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks created by that work has been undert aken and appropriate control measures are identified and implemented. ) The Noise at Work Regulations 1989 Reg 4 – Requires an employer to ensure that a competent person carries out a noise assessment when employees are exposed to noise levels above the action levels prescribed. Suitable control measures should be identified and implemented to reduce the risk of hearing damage. e) The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 – Require an employer to ensure that personal protective equipment (PPE) is suitable for its purpose (regulation 4), which implies that a risk assessment should be carried out to match the level of protection provided with the hazard present.

Sign language performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sign language performance - Essay Example While conversing, I came to know that one of these ladies was a speech pathologist and therefore I let her know that I am studying this field also. Both of them were also very excited about the show like me. Upon getting inside, we eventually got seated while the deaf- blind actors were making dough on the stage and sometimes assistants provided directions to them in finding their spots but most of the time they used their sense of touch to detect the edges of the table. As the show began all lights were shut down and a background male voice started speaking in Hebrew. A translation screen was provided along with ASL interpreter. The actor started introducing himself and his fellows. He spoke for few dumb actors. Since they were lined up behind the cooking table, the mode utilized for transferring information was by tapping on the next person’s shoulder and used sign language by holding each others hand so they each of them know what they are signing. The piece of information was then transferred to the speak-able actor with finger spelling by tapping different part of the finger, and then the message was conveyed by the speak-able actor to the audience. One of the actor said he wants to run without help. Another actor said he wants to sing. The started by making bread and putting it in an onstage huge oven. Then while waiting for the bread to be ready, the actors and actresses presented different stories about their daily life, about how the y became deaf and mute, about how they feel about the world and how they perceive the world feels about them. I wish I could read their sign language right away during the show because I didn’t want to move my eyes to the translation screen instead of focusing on all the performance as it was inducing frustration. I was worried that I have missed the important part of their â€Å"speech†. By the end of the show, everyone sung a beautiful song using sign language and then actors invited audience to

Covenant of the Old Testament Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Covenant of the Old Testament - Research Paper Example Meaning of Covenant Covenant is considered as an agreement taking place between two people as a method to relate with the God. The term ‘covenant’ has been derived from Hebrew roots which refers the action ‘to cut’. With concern to the meaning of covenant as specified in the Holy Bible’s Old Testament, it has often been categorised as the most significant term defining the relationship between God and His people. In a Biblical sense, a covenant means much more than a contract or a mere concurrence taking place between two parties. The term ‘covenant’, in the Old Testament, offers an additional insight to the meaning of God’s expectation from humans. The act of covenant, in particular tends to demonstrate the tradition, where two people with agreement attempted to pass through the cut bodies of assassinated animals as a method to get closer to the divine soul. However, other acts of covenant were learnt to have possibly taken place in terms of circumcision and also by sprinkling animal blood on the people engaged in the agreement. Such a ceremony escorted the making of the agreement in the Old Testament. ... However, it has been noted that He approves of entering into an agreement with the man who tends to be weak, sinful as well as flawed in order to direct them in the path of wisdom and peace (Schulten, â€Å"Legal Models For The Old Testament Covenants: An Issue of Contract or Real Property Law†). While entering into relationship with man, God was found to possess unilateral freedom. Therefore, He began, defined as well as confirmed each of the agreement not depending upon the human merits but completely according to His own elegance as well as clemency. Consequentially, the role of human beings has been to act as a recipient rather than acting as a contributor. People did not bargain, barter or dared to contradict with God. However, it was found that man beheld his power to decide upon whether to keep with the promises made to the God or to reject them; to obey Him or to transgress. Hence, stating precisely, God was completely accountable to look after covenantal security. The role of man was thus restricted to believe and obey (Weinfeld, â€Å"The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient Near East†). There are nearly six covenants in the Old Testament. The Covenant with Adam It is worth mentioning that the first covenant enacted in the Garden of Eden was in agreement with Adam and Eve where the Holy Spirit explicitly directed them stating, â€Å"You must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat it, you will surely die†. According to the description given in the Old Testament, Eve was the first sinner as she had contradicted the order of the Holy Spirit. Consequentially, when Adam followed the same path making a sin,

Diversity Management, a New Organizational Paradigm for Equality Essay - 2

Diversity Management, a New Organizational Paradigm for Equality Policy-Making - Essay Example The researcher states that the different diversity can be categorized into two, the social allied and the individual allied. In the social diversity, it is further subdivided into what is referred to as the six strands of diversity, which includes; ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, gender, age, and religion. In the individual differences, they can be classified into the following castes; personality, lifestyle, appearance, work style and education. The equal opportunity tends to downplay the aspect of discrimination based on the diversity factor. It is hinged on the emphasis of equal treatment of the individuals regardless of their social groups. The equal opportunity aspect is anti-discrimination program intended to provide relative social justice in the process of individual selection. Most of the human resource managers in the organization today appreciates the need to embrace diversity in the human resource and they have realized that if taken positively, the diversity a spect can make an organization realize its goals in the most efficient and predictable way. The tolerance for counterparts in the workplace is highly encouraged and any discrimination unfairly advanced to anybody be it on a social or individual level is taken seriously sometimes to the legal redress. The realization of the dangers of discrimination based on diversity led to the consideration of what is referred to as Equal Opportunity. In the equal opportunity aspect, politics have gotten into it and there are several schools of thoughts, other arguing that it is like a basket of fruits -this it to mean that even though there are equal treatment and opportunity for all, individual differences can still be recognized and be used in their reference. The other school of thought is that equal opportunity is like a melting pot, it assumes that under equal opportunity there is no recognizable difference among those to be considered.

Leap motion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leap motion - Essay Example Before developing Leap Motion, Holz and Buckwald first developed a small device that resembled an iPod with an end that can be plugged into the USB port of a computer and enhance motion detection so that â€Å"the exact movements of individual fingers and rotations of the wrist can be accurately detected and processed with no latency† (Spiegelmock 2013). Leap Motion itself is 80mm long and 12.7mm wide and connects to the computer or Mac allowing a person to interact with the computer via simple hand movements. In other words, Leap Motion is a sensor that identifies each of an individual’s movement and changes them into a specific action. â€Å"Leap Motion constitutes of two LEDs and three infrared cameras that analyze al the movements of the hand† (Design, User Experience, and Usability, User Experience Design for Diverse Interaction Platforms and Environments 2012). In analyzing the movement of the hand, the device covers a radius of 1 meter. Its accuracy is also very high; it is 1/100th. Leap Motion has the potential to detect fingers, hands as well as pencils by coming up with a 3D environment. Although it works like a mouse, Leap Motion does not in any way aim at replacing the keyboard and the mouse. It is an additional tool aimed to improve the user experience as well as interaction with the computer. The use of Leap Motion in any computer calls for some things. It detects on the type of the operator system that a computer should have. For instance, the device works best and only in the computers installed with Windows 7, 8 or Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard. The hardware of the computer also plays a very significant role. â€Å"Leap Motion only works in computers with either AMD Phenom (tm) II or Intel  ®core (TM) i3, i5, i7 processor, and with a 2GB of RAM† (Spiegelmock 2013). Additionally, the computer needs to have an internet connection in addition to a

International Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International Financial Management - Essay Example The basic types of exchange rate regimes are the fixed exchange rate and the floating exchange rate. In the latter case the market decides the movements of the exchange rate. Exchange rate volatility is a common denominator of a country's exposure to international risk through foreign transactions, whether international trade or investment (Madura, 2009). The higher the degree of exposure the higher the degree of risk associated with such exposure. Thus the exchange rate can be considered as an important indicator in monetary policy and it mainly depends on the monetary policy framework of a particular country. Exchange rate can be identified as a target for particular government's policy and that it can actively manage with the other components of a monetary policy such as inflation, balance of payments and so on. For instance the changes in exchange rate in a short term can impact on the real economy and the balance of payments and in the long term those effects can be adjusted with the exchange rate movements. Therefore developing countries that depend on commodity exports to a greater extent are more likely to face a greater degree of risk due to the fact that commodity prices in international markets are subject to huge fluctuations. As a result their currencies against those of advanced industrialized economies are weaker. Even the well developed countries especially UK has been faced with this reality but their ability to manipulate exchange rates in international markets is considerably higher when compared to those developing countries (Wheele, 1995). 2. Literature ReviewCurrently available literature on the subject of exchange rate regime and related price stabilization policy in a modern economy has both a theoretical approach and a broader empirical approach. Price stabilization policy refers to a government macroeconomic strategy designed and executed by the central bank to ensure stable economic growth based primarily on stable prices and lower unemployment levels. This is a contingency macroeconomic model that presupposes a smoothing out effect on erratic fluctuations in aggregate supply. Alogoskoufis (1992) shows that the broader policy level approach includes monitoring and adjusting cyclical growth process and interest rates so that aggregate demand can be managed to achieve broader macroeconomic policy goals.This

Digital System Applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Digital System Applications - Essay Example Though, they can also be mechanical, pneumatic or even magnetic. Digital computers along with calculators, digital video and audio equipment as well as the telephone system which is the globe’s leading digital system are a few examples of the most familiar digital systems around the globe1. There are however various benefits that are obtained from digital systems. They have been mentioned as follows: The digital systems are mostly very convenient to design. The main reason is that in digital system only switching circuits are used which use the array that is high or low in which they lie and it does not take into account the exact value of voltage or the current. Moreover, it is very easy to store information in a digital system. It is carried on by certain special devices or circuits which can grab digital information and retain it for as long as necessary. In addition, the mass storage of the techniques can store billions of bits of information in a relatively small physical space1. It is easy to maintain accuracy and precision throughout the system because once a signal has been digitized the information contained by it does not deteriorate as it progresses. The operations in a digital system can also be programmed. It is easy to design the digital system whose operations are managed by programs (a set of stored instructions). Digital systems are also less affected by noise. Spurious fluctuations in the noise are not as critical in a digital system as the exact volume of the voltage is not that important as long as the noise does not stop individuals from distinguishing a high from a low. More digital circuitry can be fabricated on an Integrated Circuit (IC) chip. Even though analog system has also been benefited from the massive development of IC technology, its relative complexity and also the usage of the devices cannot be economically integrated. This limitation has prevented the analog system from obtaining the same degree of integration as that of the digital system1. There are very few limitations which are inherent in the digital system. The two biggest among them are as follows: Firstly, most of the physical quantities are analog in nature and therefore these quantities are mostly the input and the output that have been monitored, operated on and controlled by a system like temperature, pressure, flow rate, liquidity level, and velocity among others. These quantities can be expressed in the digital way when there is a need to make it more precise and specific. However, a digital approximation is generally made in the analog quantity. Secondly, the other limitation is that the whole world is analog and as a true fact processing digitalized signals indeed takes a very long time1. In order to take advantages of the digital techniques when dealing with the analog inputs and outputs the four steps which must be followed are as follows: 1. The first step includes converting the physical variable to an electrical signal (analo g). 2. The second step is transforming the electrical (analog) signal into the digital signal. 3. The next step that follows is processing or operating on the digital information. 4. The last step is converting the digital outputs back to the real world analog form1 With