Nursing Education System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Education System - Assignment Example According to Chen (1996, pp. 129-149), the first collegiate nursing program was started by Peking Union Medical College (PUMC). This was a five-year program established in 1920. The first secondary level nursing school was established in 1930. The PUMC program remained the only tertiary program in Chinese education until 1952 when the communist government restructured the education system to accommodate the higher education system. However, the political upheavals delayed the implementation of the higher education program until 1980s (Xu et al., 2000, p. 208). Nursing education in Poland was established later than in China, i.e. 1911 (Sztembis, 2006, p. 102). However, the development rate of nursing education in Poland was faster compared to that of China. Polish nursing education ceased in 1914 with the rise of the First World War (Sztembis, 2006, p. 102). According to Wolska-Lipiec (1987, p. 42), most of the teachers and graduates of the school joined the military to train the soci ety on the modalities of caring for the wounded and participating in the civil sanitation. Secondary education in nursing was introduced in 1960s, while the university-based programs were introduced in 1980s (Sztembis, 2006, p. 104). Government and Nursing Organizations Influencing Nursing Education: Comparison of Poland and China. Nursing education in China was predominantly influenced by the missionaries (Xu et al, 2000, p. 207). The horizon for the Chinese health care has been expanded by programs such as the WHO collaborating center in Nursing and Midwifery, Heart to Heart and the Project Hope which have been sponsored by the government and other non-governmental organizations (Xu et al, 2000, p. 208). The prominent source of financial support is China’s Medical Board (CMB), which is an offshoot of Rockefeller Foundation (Xu et al., 2000, p. 212). CMB provides resources for faculty training, purchasing the reading materials and capacity building. In Poland, the programs a imed at preparing women for care of patients were funded by the collaboration of the American Red Cross and Rockefeller Foundation (Sztembis, 2006, p. 103). The Polish Nursing Association undertook the process of redesigning nursing through seeking support from the politicians and leaders. The 1990s witnessed the establishment of the Independent Nursing Section in the Ministry of Health which later culminated into the Department of Nursing. The self-governing body of Polish nurses, i.e. Nursing Chambers, acts as the formal representation of the nurses at the national level. Current System of Nursing Education: Comparison of Poland and China The Chinese system requires a candidate to go through the secondary nursing programs; Zhuake programs, which are equivalent to the associate degree programs in the U.S., and Baccalaureate programs for them to be registered nurses (Xu et al., 2000, p. 209). The secondary nursing program acts as a basic academic unit of a nursing school. The second ary nursing programs occur in two forms; the first, which enrolls high school graduates and a second that admits the middle and junior high school graduates. Post secondary nursing program in China has three levels: Baccalaureate, Zhuanke and Graduate (Xu et al., 2000,

Music Appreciation of Brandenburg Concerto by Johann Sebastian Bach Essay

Music Appreciation of Brandenburg Concerto by Johann Sebastian Bach - Essay Example The prominent musicians in the Baroque period were Claudio Monteverdi, Antonio Vivaldi, Georg Frederic Handel, Arcangelo Corelli etc, of which the most important was Johann Sebastian Bach. The paper at hand is a music appreciation of J S Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto, which was composed by him for the Calvinist chapel of the court that promoted instrumental music. The Baroque period is unique in terms of its various characteristic traits including its mood, melody, rhythm, texture, articulation, dynamics, style, basso continuo, timbre etc. The Brandenburg Concertos is primarily a collection of six movements and here the focus is on movement number one. Thus, this paper tries to use these elements and show how J S Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos is representative of Baroque music. Although the exact date of composition of the Brandenburg Concertos is still a mystery, it is known that Johann Sebastian Bach presented them to the Margrave of Brandenburg in the year 1721. What ma kes this piece Baroque is mainly its composition in that period, however for modern people, it is important to know the exact features that make the concertos an apt example of Baroque music. First of all, the most distinct feature of Baroque music is probably its unity of mood, this means that the mood remains same throughout the composition. Now in case of the Brandenburg Concertos, one can see that this is true, as the first movement of the concertos has a kind of happy mood from beginning till the end. Therefore, a single expression or mood is projected and presented till the second movement, and this predominantly makes the Brandenburg Concertos characteristic of Baroque music. When one analyses the melody of the pieces composed during the Baroque area, they find that the melodic idea basically remains the same throughout the whole piece. There is a continuity that can be felt when one listens to Baroque music, and this is especially so in case of the Brandenburg concertos. The audience will find that the opening melody is followed till the end of that piece. Despite the fact that Baroque music is usually elaborate and complex, there is only a minimal use of the piano’s extreme notes and, furthermore, it is seen that there is no use of the technique of pedalling either. So in overall, the Baroque music gives off a very complicated vibe with a lot of ornamental notes, however, the listener can still recognize the distinct theme the musician is trying to reach out to him or her. In case of the rhythmic aspect of the music composed during the Baroque era, the listener will find that the rhythmic patterns are mostly repeated throughout the piece. Thus, in Brandenburg Concertos’ first movement, the audience can find that the melody has a distinct theme and at the same time the rhythm is often continuous too, that is, the â€Å"lively rhythm† patterns are reiterated in the course of the composition (GCSE Music, n.d., p.9). Therefore, it can be said that Baroque music has a continuous or constant rhythmic drive, where the beat and pulse of the song are clear as well as distinct and, furthermore, the song consists of regular rhythms, which at times are dotted. Focusing on the texture of the Baroque music, it becomes clear that such music mainly consists of polyphonic or contrapuntal texture. The piece of composition under study is reminiscent of baroque music as it is made up of different melodies that are played simultaneously. As opposed to playing one melody at a time, Baroque music is very complex in the sense that it plays polyphonic, which is two or more melodic lines played

Biogeochemical Cycles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biogeochemical Cycles - Assignment Example The present research has identified that a nitrogen cycle consists of a gas phase and a mineral phase. Since plants require nitrogen as a mineral rather than a gas, they receive their requisite via biological nitrogen fixation, aided by bacteria. Legumes play an important role by giving them a home and transferring the fixed organic nitrogen, thus produced, in the ecosystem through food chains. Animals, for the purposes of energy, break down proteins and organic compounds and excretes the ammonium ion form of nitrogen. Either the plants reabsorb it or bacteria convert it into nitrate, hence creating an organic cycle. â€Å"The key processes in a carbon cycle are of respiration and photosynthesis. During the process of respiration, carbohydrates and oxygen in a combination, produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy†. Whereas, during the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide produces the carbohydrates and oxygen, back again. Besides being liberated by a plant, either the ca rbon remains in them when they die or animals eat plant and respire them back into the atmosphere through respiration. Moreover, either decomposer decompose actively cycled carbon in a dead organic matter to release it back into an atmosphere or the dead matter stays intact to form coal, oil or natural gas (fossil fuels). As per hydrogen cycle, since, the largest reservoir for hydrogen is water; electrons from H2O, H2S, and low-molecular-weight organic compounds reduce CO2 whereas the electrons from reduced organic compounds travel through the respiratory chain to ultimately form water from dioxygen reduction. Moreover, anaerobic fermentation, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation produces and releases free gaseous H2. The life-supporting oxygen has three sources, atmosphere, water and carbon dioxide.

It is a research paper about the topic (Homeless Families) Essay

It is a research paper about the topic (Homeless Families) - Essay Example A majority of these people are thrust into the homeless state by life-altering events that were unexpected. Some tragic life occurrences such as job loss, domestic violence, family disputes, and loss of loved ones can lead to homelessness (Bassuk et al, 2010). Homelessness is by and large a three-pronged problem. It is affected by economic, political, and social factors. The state of homeless families exploded in the early 1980s when federal funds were withdrawn from social assistance and low-income housing programs. The programs were meant to cater for the mentally ill and low-income families. Lack of affordable housing and the rising gap between earnings have left many of families and individuals in America homeless (Nunez, 2000). Economic factors are a central cause, as are social factors such as long-term drug addiction, mental illness, and alcoholism which can contribute to homelessness. Studies show that at least 25 percent of homeless people suffer from a kind of mental illness (NHC 2006). Twenty percent of the homeless are also drug and alcohol addicts, and the lack of access to affordable care can leave them vulnerable to the problem for their entire lives. This paper evaluates various aspects of homeless families such as how hom elessness affects children, and what society is doing to alleviate the problem (Bassuk et al, 2010). The rate of homelessness among American families has grown extensively over the last two decades. Between 2007 and 2010, the number of homeless families rose significantly. In 2007, 30% of the homeless people were in families and the percentage changed to 35% in 2010. This percentage is, however, devoid of the proportion in the suburban and rural areas (Khadduri & Culhane 2011). The affected families experienced frequent moves while in search of employment and secure affordable housing. The turbulence resulting from the movement affects children, and they

Coraline Essy Essay Example for Free

Coraline Essy Essay In response to the school boards request for student feedback, I am writing to express my opinion about which should be used to teach about the Fantasy genre, Coraline the book or Coraline the movie. In my opinion, I believe that Coraline the movie should be used in schools to teach the Fantasy genre. This is because the sounds, animations, and new characters all show more elements and examples of the Fantasy genre than in the book. By the time you finish reading this, you will surely end up being persuaded that Coraline the movie has more elements and examples of Fantasy than in the book. The first detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy is animation. The animations in the movie were cartoon people, which means the characters dont necessarily have to do things real people can do. Another element of animation that makes the movie more fantastical is that you can see exactly what the character is doing but in the book it is Just your imagination. Also, in the movie, special effects can be added to make the scenes look more fantastical. Overall, the animations from the movie show more elements of fantasy than in the book. Secondly, the new and different characters in the movie make Coraline the movie have more elements of fantasy than the book. In the movie, the other mother turns the other dad into a pumpkin instead of a blob. This is more fantastical because pumpkins are plants and the fact that a pumpkin is alive and speaks is very fantastical. The second example of new and different characters is Wybie Lovat. He is a new character that is in the movie but not the book. He adds more fantasy because he finds a doll that looks Just like Coraline and gives it to her. The new and different haracters is the second detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy. The third detail that makes Coraline the movie have more elements of Fantasy is sound. The sound from the movie can let you hear the characters tone of voice while speaking which lets you know if what they are saying sounds fantastical. The second thing is that you can hear background sounds and noise. This adds to Fantasy because it lets you hear strange sounds in the background that make it more fantastical. The third thing is that in the movie you can hear how loud the character is speaking. This can let you know how the character feels which adds on to the fantastical elements. I have now expressed my opinion on which to use to teach the Fantasy genre. Coraline the movie has many elements and examples of Fantasy. Coraline the movie should be used in schools to teach the Fantasy genre because the sounds, animations, and new or different characters all show more elements and examples of the Fantasy genre than in the book. Now that you have taken a look at many examples and elements of Fantasy in the movie, I hope that you consider using Coraline the movie to teach Fantasy in schools.

Work-integrated Learning (WIL) Project Management Plan

Work-integrated Learning (WIL) Project Management Plan Table of Contents (Jump to) Executive Summary Introduction Background of the project Intended audiences of the project Contents of the major sections of the PMP Conclusions Recommendations Executive Summary This assignment covered the project management plan of the national WIL portal project. University of Victoria in Australia is the sponsor of the national WIL portal project. The motivation of creating this portal is to make link among community, industry professionals with the higher education and vocational education sector. The students will be benefitted more by getting learning occasion from this. It is to mention that Victoria University is the leading university of thirty four Australian universities which made a consortium. The report starts with an introduction which describes the grounds of the report. The background section justify the situation and framework of the project. It also describes the addressees of the PMP. The checklist of the structure of the PMP is also discussed. Lastly, an analysis of the contents of the PMP by examining each of the key sections. The document includes the configuration that is suggested in the PMBOK moreover it also covered the module four of the class lecture materials. The total numbers of stakeholders are given on this project which creates a positive impact on project management team in communication plan. The risk management plan and risk register was also prepared in the report. There is a discrepancy in Appendix E, which contains work breakdown. The appendix E would be more appropriate if it explained as a milestone chart or project schedule. Appendix E comprises of responsibility, due date, start date and descriptions. These are the characteristics of project schedule. A Gantt chart presenting the plan of project task has not been given. To confirm good scope of management, a correct work breakdown structure should be incorporated. It is also recommended that a standard Gantt chart should be included to demonstrate the planned program of the project. It is also recommended to add full budget which shows cash flowed costs of the project and this benefits project manager to observe and maintain the costs of pro ject in control. In risk register the key assumptions should be included. Introduction The preparation of this assignment is made in line with the project management plan of the National WIL portal project. The student will be benefitted more by this National WIL portal project as it will create a web portal to link community, industry and professionals with the higher education and vocational education sector. The structured report contains a background which covers the project context, the structure of the PMP and the intended audience of the PMP. At the end it ends with a conclusion and some recommendations. Background of the project The National WIL portal project funded by Victoria University successfully applied to the variety and structural adjustment fund of the department of education, employment and workplace relations (DEEWR). The goal of the National WIL project was to make a WEB portal. This web would link among community, professionals and industry which would raise learning opportunities for the students. The major payback of this project was to offer simple communication occasion and assist the increase the growth of work-integrated learning community of practice. The portal would be assisted by the Australian Collaborative Education Network (ACEN). Intended Audience of the project Work-integrated learning (WIL) is widely measured influential in training newgraduates with the mandatory employability competencies to function efficiently in theworkatmosphere (Jackson 2014). In a short, WIL is the expansion of professional skill, the capability of students to perform in the workplace (McNamara 2011). Module four of the MGT8022 course materials describes that the PMP has various reasons and is intended to several audiences. Higher authorities in governance need the PMP for decision making purpose. In order to execute the project by the project team members. Financial sensitive data are not added in the PMP. External funding source may provide some financial support. Project consultant will get a brief description of the project from the PMP but the components of the PMP will be carefully chosen. This is to mention that all the audience does not need full PMP document. Some of the audience may need parts of the PMP. Section 2. 1, P4 of the plan document describes about the various stakeholders. In following table various stakeholders are examined and also explained the reason of the intended audience of this PMP. Key Stakeholder PMP Audience ( Y/N) Reason Victoria University Yes Accountable for planning and leading the project. Execution, monitoring, controlling and closing part of the PMP will be lead by them Judie key Yes As project manager will lead the whole project and also responsible for planning. 34 Partner universities Yes part of the project ACEN Yes Will support the stakeholders and others when the portal will be finished. Project Advisory Group Yes Project advisory group will monitor the project. Project Development Group Yes DEEWR Yes As a funding authority they have interest on the project benefits Table 1: Key stakeholders and the reason to be included as intended audience. Victoria University is the initiator of the project WIL. The essential steps of aprojectinclude beginning, planning, execution,monitoringandcontrolling, and closing (Abushaiba Zainuddin 2012) As a project leader the university needs to learn the execution plan of the project. Monitoring and controlling of the project is also necessary for a successful closing. The role ofprojectmanageris important toprojectaccomplishment (Ahmed et al. 2013). Judie Key is the project manager. She is in charge of planning and leading the project. She needs to execute, monitor and control the project in order to successfully accomplish the project. Thirty four partner universities made a consortium to make national WIL portal. When the portal will be finished they will also be benefitted by this project. Australian Collaborative Education Network (ACEN) will provide the national doorway for industry and community into the universities. Structure of the PMP Organisational culture and the methodology determine the formation of the PMP (MGT8022, P56). PMP should be significant to its intended audience. According to the functional area and difficulty of the project, project management diagram contents will differ (PMBOK Guide 2004). Actually there are no rigid rules as MGT8022 discussed (p56). The PMBOK described (p89) that the PMP can be either summarised or detailed and it can also be consists of one or more subsidiary plans and other mechanisms. In the traditional formation, the authority scale is realized throughout the chain of command, whereas in the project configuration, authority comes from reliability, knowledge, or being a sound decision-maker (Kerzner 2013) According to MGT8022 course outline suggested structure of PMP might include: Overview, objectives, general approach, contractual, schedule, resources personnel Evaluation methods Potential WIL Portal PMP Section Reason For Inclusion 1. Introduction Readers will realize the purpose of the document and a little explanation on it. Background and context of the project, it also includes project objectives. 2. Key Personnel Involved The influential people or organizations of the project. Basically, the people who are involved with project directly. 3. Project Benefits The payback that can be anticipated from the project. 4. Project Scope Project team will be focused and on task with project scope 5. Project Time Schedule Time Schedule tells when each activity should be done. 6. Project budget summary For accountability reason 7. Quality To ensure quality across the project 8. Project roles and responsibilities Define the roles and responsibilities of the project members 9. About the risk management plan To minimise or avoid the risk this plan is done 10. Project control To get the progress report of the plan 11. Communication plan To get a better establishment of communication Table 2: Structure of the National WIL portal project. Contents of the major sections of the PMP Customer satisfaction is the main condition for in general project achievement and  content design goals is the next (Mà ¼ller Jugdev 2012). In this PMP customer satisfaction should comes first before making contents of the PMP and contents should be design according to customer satisfaction. The content of project management differs depending upon the relevance area and difficulty of the project (Institute 2013). The elements of the main sections of the PMP would again rely on the organisational culture and methodology. The contents size depends on the particular project requirements. The contents of the national WIL portal PMP document are explored at the below table. MGT8022 course material is used as theoretical framework in the following table columns. Introduction is not supported by PMBOK. As a methodology PMBOK does not support introduction in any section. PMBOK suggests overview or executive summary of the project. The Victoria university portal project starts with introduction but it would be better if it started with executive summary or overview. Key personnel involved in the project are key stakeholders and team members (Turner 2008). The interest of the project creates a negative or positive outcome of the project. If the stakeholders are against the project they will not wilfully involve in the project. Project team members is vital for project performance, achieving information sharing is still tough (Han Hovav 2013). Team members must be trained how to work together and correspond with others effectively (Tseng Yeh 2013). Projectmanager (PM) capabilities are essential inproject accomplishment (Chipulu et al. 2013). In the Victoria university project there are many parties involved as various stakeholders, it would be a crucial task to make all of them happy. One of the disputes that one face when running aprojectis improbability. This differs fromprojecttoproject. The Risk  Management  process include identify, assess, plan, implement, and communicate (Hinde 2012). Appendix G discussed about the risk management process, here in the case of Victoria university risk assessment based on four major criteria. It is also noted that risk management will be reviewed periodically and, if necessary new things will be added to the process. The  project  schedule  is the complete duration of theprojectwork, including the project management work, in order to generate the project scope (Phillips 2010). In the WIL project start date and end date are given but it would be better if a Gantt chart was given. The project scope is no longer a unimportant assessment (Là ©ger et al. 2013). Manage through a breakdown formation, focus on outcome, balance objectives and levels of ambition and keep it easy are the four principles of scope management (Turner 2008). National WIL portal PMP described various scopes of the project but it would be better if key milestones are given in chart that would be more visible. Quality management process systems are the central part and information warehouse for making any decision regardinga course of action (Ul-Hasnain, Waqar Shahbaz 2012). Quality management process of the WIL project is discussed in appendix C elaborately. Project roles and responsibilities are discussed in appendix D with a chart. Project budget is very important because it identifies the financial resource of that project will use. project is successful when it is delivered on-time, on-budget (Ellis Berry 2013) . Project budget is discussed in the page number eight of the PMP plan as a summery but it is also noted that budget is a sensitive issue. Everybody involved in the project may not have the same interest on budget; the funding party DEEWR has the most interest on budget. Project Communication (PC) pursues regular procedures and guidebook, as Project Management conducts within restrictions of budgets and deliveries (Rajhans Shah 2012). If communication breaks down during any of the stage of project accomplishment, it generates a lot of obstacles and ruins the smooth performance of the whole project (Rajhans Shah 2012) . Appendix D also discussed about the communication plan of the project. Communication plan described the type of information to be communicated and the medium of the communication. This chart shows how all parties involved in the project will be communicated. Although project benefit is discussed in WIL portal project, it is not suggested by Project Management Institute or any authors to include in it project content. Basically, project benefit may be discussed in business case. In this particular case Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) the funding authority of the project may have particular interest of this project benefit. Four requirements are essential for effective control of the PMP. Monitoring and reporting of the results, comparison results with the plan and forecast future results, plan and take effective action to improve the main plan – these three are discussed in WIL project plan but potential work and estimate performance are missing from the content of project (Turner 2008). One means to improve success of theseprojectsis adequatecontrol. WIL Portal PMP Section Discussion of the Section Contents 1. Introduction MGT8022 suggests an overview or executive summary which gives related information. PMBOK does not provide an introduction type section because it is a methodology 2. Key Personnel Involved The contents of the key Personnel section in WIL portal include key stakeholders, those who provide project governance and those who execute project work 3. Project Benefits PMBOK or MGT 8022 course did not mention about the project benefits. Project benefits are discussed in the business case. 4. Project Scope PMBOK and MGT8022 mention about the project scope 5. Project Time Schedule PMBOK and MGT8022 mention about the project schedule 6. project budget summary PMBOK and MGT8022 mention about the project budget summary 7. Quality PMBOK and MGT8022 mention about the project quality 8. Project roles and responsibilities PMBOK and MGT8022 does not mentioned about project roles and responsibilities 9. About the risk management plan PMBOK and MGT8022 mention about the project risk and management plan 10. Project control PMBOK and MGT8022 mention about the project control 11. Communication plan PMBOK and MGT8022 mention about the project communication plan Table 3: Contents of the National WIL project. Conclusion: This is an average report on PMP. The lecture material covered in the module and also the information suggested in the PMBOK are covered in the documents. The total number of stakeholders is given in the PMBOK. Project management team are also integrated in communications plan. The risk management plan and risk register were arranged in the PMP. There is one inconsistency in the Appendix E with work breakdown structure. It would be better if explained in milestone chart. A Gantt chart describing the schedule of the project task has not been given. Recommendations: After the analysis following recommendations are given: To confirm good capacity of the management an appropriate work breakdown structure should be added in the PMP. More in depth budget presenting the cash flowed costs of the project should be given. Project manager will be benefitted to observe the costs of the project. More standard Gantt chart should be incorporated to demonstrate the intended scheduled of the project. The main idea planned in the PMP should be added to the risk register. The reason behind is that if these assumptions are not correct then the project would be at threat All schedules must recognize the time restrictions and, if possible, should recognize those funds vital for all event Plan future work and estimate performance should be added in project control. Project benefits can be omitted from the PMP

The Bone Growth And Development Health And Social Care Essay

The Bone Growth And Development Health And Social Care Essay Imtramembranous ossification starts during the development within the womb and where the flat bones and some bone of the skull and the collarbone are formed from connective tissue. This is also the method which helps injured bones to heal and develops when bones are broken to reconstruct the bone. This process also occurs during embryonic development which is endochondrial ossification, this is where bones are produced from cartilage. Endochodrial ossification is the process when the development of long bones occurs such as the development of arms and legs. Within intramembranous ossification there is no cartilage present as the bones develop from other connective tissues. The begin of intramembranous ossification starts from stem cells, these cells then have to develop into a particular cell type, such as osteoblasts which are cells that create bone tissue, spongy inner tissue of the marrow and the mineralised compact bone tissue which encloses the marrow. There are many different s tages which take place throughout intramembranous ossification due to the stem cells change, differentiate and develop into specific types of bone cells. A related process takes place to repair broken or damaged bone as the bone tissue develops from membranous or connective tissue in a similar way that they develop within the womb. In the process of stem cells form layers of relatively primitive connective tissue and some develop into bone-producing cells. During this there is a bone matrix of calcium which eventually gathers into bone spicules. When bone matrix is expelled the bone spicules grow in size, which leads to the greater formation called a trabeculae which bulild up on top on each other to form a wovenbone where as some trabeculae stay as spongy tissues which then develop into bonemarrow. The bones which progress through the intramembranous ossification develop into the patella, the parietal, frontal, occipitial and temporal bones in the skull, the patella and the upper a nd low jawbones. Inramembranous ossification also adds to bone growth particularly in short bones and the thickening of long bones as they grow. The process which is responsible for the lengthening of the bones is called epiphysis and occurs at the ends of the bones, the epiphyseal place is found under the epiphyses and before the diaphysis. During puberty and early adulthood this is usually present and is the location of bone growth. When this process has fully taken place the the epiphyseal plate completely ossifies and closes after this there is a thin line still only a thin line is still there and the bones can no longer grow in length. Endochondral ossification Endorchondral ossification is where cartilage eventually gets replaced with bone during the development. During this process the osteoblasts occur in regions of cartilage called the ossification centres. These osteoblasts then progress into osteocytes which are mature bone cells which harden the bone matrix. The majority of bones occur from a mixture of intramembranous and endochodral ossification. During this process the mesencymal cells progress into chondroblasts which increase in number through cell division which then increase in size and expel a matrix which hardens because of the occurrence of inorganic minerals, which leads to the forming of chambers within the matrix. Osteoblasts and blood-forming cells go through these chambers. These osteoblasts expel minerals which form the bone matrix. Mature hardened bone consists of an organic element and a mineral element, mature hardened bone is also living tissue. The majority of the organic element is made up of proteins such as, c ollagen fibres, an extracelluar matrix, and fibroblasts, which consist of the living cells which create the collagen and the matrix. The mineral part of the bone is made up of hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate which provides strength and rigidity. Through the life of an individual the osteoblasts constantly expel minerals and the osteoclasts constantly reabsorb the minerals. File:Bone growth.png The skeletal system starts to develop during the third week after conception with the development of the notochord with is the construction of the back of the embryo which develops into the spine, spinal cord and the brain. During the four week of conception arms and legs are visable, with the fingers and toes developing around the eighth week of conception, after this the limbs start to expand and take on specific shape. By the fifth week the embryo has doubled in size and there is a tail-like structure which eventually develops itno the coccyx. During the seventh week the embryos facial features are visible and the 206 bones are all in place. Although the process of osteogenesis has not yet taken place fully as the bones are do not harden until further development. The majority of bony nuclei of the long bones and round bones do not finish developing until after birth. There are many different types of the main human bones which are the long, short, flat and irregular bones. The long, short and irregular bones develop due to endochondral ossification this is the process were cartilage is replaced by bone. The development of flat bones occur during intramembranous ossificaion with the bone developong by sheets of connective tissue, around 80 percent of the mature skeleton is represented by compact cortical bone which supports the body, at the midpoint of the long bones there is extra thickness to stop the bones from bending. Cancellous bone has a porous structure which has small cavities and is similar to sponge; it is found mainly in the pelvis and within the 33 vertebrae from the neck to the tailbone. Long bones increase in length by adding to the epiphyseal plate. When the bones lengthen they go through a process called remodelling, throughout this process the outer shape of the bones change as well. The bones of the skull grow due to the layers which add to the circumference of the skull by this occuring the skll becomes thicker. During birth long bones have more than one ossification centre, which grow during childhood up until the epiphyseal plates become fused with he shaft of the diaphysis. tHis process is motivated due to the hormones in the testes and ovaries, there hormones signal the linear growth of the long bones to reach the end of the growth. Flat and round bones of the skeleton are able to continue growth throughout life. Spinal Curves The vertebral column is one of the primary support structures of the human skeleton, and consists of individual pseudoseparate and fused vertebrae which allow the movement and support of the skull, and the flexibility of the neck and back and provides secure locations for the ribs and protection of the spinal cord. The spine consists of seven cervial vertebrae which form the neck, tweleve toracic vertebrae forming the upper back and five lumbar vertebrae forming the lower back. Near the bottom of the spine there is the sacrum which is made up of five fused vertebrae which secures the spine to the pelvic girdle and the coccyx which is a semi-flexible sequence of around four vertebrae which assist in the support of the the lower alimentary tract. Inbetween each vertebrae there is a intervertabral disk which is made up of cartilage and cushions the vertabral column to protect the spine from trauma, the interverebral disks also act as a shock absorber. The spine is held together by a seq uence of ligaments which include the intertransverse ligaments which run down the length of the spine and are attached to the transverse processes of each vertebrae. The spinal cord is a primary nerve pathway to and from the brain which proceed down a canal in the centre of the spinal column. The spine consists of four natural curves. Two are lordotic and two are kyphotic. The cervical and lumbar curves are lordotic. The thoracic and sacral curves are kyphotic. The curves help to distribute mechanical stress as the body moves. Cervial The cervial spine consists of seven vertebrae which are located at the top of the spine and is often referred to of the neck. One of the purposes of the cervial spine is to contain and protect the spinal cord, support the skull and to allow the head movement from side to side and to bend forward and backwards. There are many different ligaments, muscles and tendons which assist in supporting and stabilising the cervical spine. The main role of the ligaments is to stop excessive movement which could lead to damaging the cervial spine and spinal cord. The muscles in the cervical spine help the spinal balance and to provide movement, the muscles contract and relax due to the nerve impulses which are signaled from the brain. Some muscles work in pairs and some contract and the opposingmuscle relaxes, there are many different types of muscle which are lateral flexors, forward flexors, rotators and extensors. Thoracic The thoracic vertebrae form the posterior part of the bony thoracic cage. The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae which eventually increase in size. The Thoracic spine is found in the chest area, and the ribs are connected to the thoracic spine and protect a number of vital organs. Lumbar The lumbar spine consists of five vertebrae which are positioned below the thoracic vertebrae and the fused vertebrae of the sacrum. These vertebraeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are a lot larger than the vertebrae of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. The vertebral foramen is normally triangular with the spinous process pointing backwards and is rectangular or hatchet-shaped. Each vertebra are positioned on top of each other and between each one there is a intervertabral disk which is made up of cartilage and cushions the vertabral column to protect the spine from pressure, they distribute stress and prevent the vertebrae from grinding against each other. Ligaments and Tendons Groups of ligaments hold the vertebrae and discs together and they connect bone to bone. The main function of tendons is to hold muscle to bone. Within the spine the tendons connect muscles to the vertebrae they also help to stabilise the spine and protect them from extreme movement in any one direction.       ?spinal http://www.nursingtimes.net/the-skeletal-system-bone-growth-and-healing/201797.article http://science.jrank.org/pages/4933/Ossification.html http://www.answers.com/topic/skeletal-development